Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students

Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students Dental Anxiety in Dental and Non-Dental Students Abstract- Objective: To compare levels of dental anxiety in dental and non-dental students and then relate it with degree of knowledge about dental treatment procedures. Method: Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used to measure and analyze statistically the dental anxiety among dental students (n=30) and non-dental students (n=30). The participants include 28 (46.7%) males and 32 (53.3%) females of age ranging from 18-24 years (mean age 21 ±1.619). The data was collected in Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad from patients under waiting treatment. Results: Education was associated with dental anxiety in patients. The dental students had a mean dental anxiety score of dental students was found to be 13.5 and that of non-dental students was 16.5. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that knowledge about dental procedures has a significant role to elevate dental anxiety levels. Keywords: dental anxiety; degree of knowledge; dental students; non-dental student â€Å"Dental anxiety is an aversive psychological response to poorly define, or not immediately present dental stimulus interpreted as potentially harmful or dangerous, usually within a dental context†(1). Dental anxiety is a common phenomenon amongst patients prior to obtaining dental procedures, often giving rise to a vicious cycle of fear leading to avoidance of treatment(2, 3). This potential hazard to treatment accounts for an understanding of its etiology, so as to help design and execute effective treatment regimens(4).Research establishes; prior experience of treatment, pain during treatment, age, gender, social class and lack of economic resources, negligence of oral health and inadequacy of and education as etiological factors of dental anxiety. Al-Omari et al. showed in their study that dental students had lowest anxiety levels as compared to medical and engineering students(5). Medical students were found to be the most anxious group and it was indicated that lack of dental information is directly related to increasing levels of dental fears. As per Curson and Coplans, anxiety is a major barrier in the dental treatments as children and adult avoid or delay attending the dentist except in emergency situations(6).Dental anxiety may have elevated levels amongst patients majorly due to lack of knowledge about the procedures and outcomes of dental treatment that would be carried out on them(7).Therefore, it is crucial to highlight dentally anxious patients in order to facilitate the course of treatment and to help accomplish it successfully. Different instruments for measuring dental anxiety include; Corah’s dental anxiety scale, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Dental Fear Survey, State Trait Anxiety Scale, General Geer Fear Scale and Getz Dental Brief Survey(1). Humphris GM et al. (1995) suggested that MDAS is more comprehensive, highly valid and reliable, with a simpler and more consistent answering system(8).Therefore, modified den tal anxiety scale has been used for the purpose of this study. The aim of the study was to understand how lack of knowledge of dental procedures may contribute to increased anxiety levels amongst non-dental students when compared to dental students. With the identification of existence of such differences, improved treatment techniques and management strategies may then be accomplished(7). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad over a period of two months from May to June, on patients awaiting treatment while attending various departments at the hospital. This study is a cross- sectional study. Questionnaires were given to dental students (n=30) of first to fourth year (prior to receiving treatment) with their ages ranging from 18-24 years. Non-dental students (n=30) meeting the same age requirement were selected by purposive convenient sampling. The subjects were approached personally in clinical settings and questionnaire conducted after verbal consent. A total of 30 questionnaires were distributed to patients from each group. Data was obtained using modified dental anxiety scale, wherein extra items were added related to prior dental treatment experience and whether or not they had a dentist in their family. The modified dental anxiety scale consisted of five multiple choice items, including the following: If you had to go to your dentist for treatment tomorrow, how would you feel? If you were sitting in the waiting room (waiting for treatment), how would you feel? If you were about to have a tooth drilled, how would you feel? If you were about to have your teeth scaled and polish, how would you feel? If you were about to have a local anesthetic injection in your gum, how would you feel? Options available as answers to each of the above question were ranging from not anxious scaled as 1 to extremely anxious scaled as 5. The scores of all the questions were summed up to give us the patient’s dental anxiety score. Demographic details in the questionnaire included age gender and education. For the statistical analysis data was studied using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. For descriptive analysis of data mean and standard deviation was computed for age. Calculation of dental anxiety scores was made to compare differences in level of anxiety amongst both the groups. If the total score of 15 or more was obtained, it was indicated that the subject was highly anxious(9). Results: A total of 60 patients were included in this study; 30 dental students and 30 non-dental students. Out of this total of 60 patients, 28 (46.7%) were males and 32 (53.3%) were females. Their ages ranged from 18 to 24 years, giving a mean of 21 years with a standard deviation of  ±1.619. There were 13 males (43.3%) out of a total of 30 dental students and 17 females (56.7%). In the non-dental category, there were 15 males (50%) and 15 females (50%) out of a total of 30 students. The results display that a total of 9 (15%) patients had mild anxiety, out of which 8(13.3%) were dental students and 1(1.7%) was a non-dental student. therefore it can be seen that anxiety levels among dental students correspond mainly to the lower level of mildly anxious. 22 (36.7%) of the total patients had a moderate category anxiety, out of these 12 (20%) were dental students and 10 (16.7%) were non dental students. 24 (40%) were highly anxious patients, out of those 2 (3.3%) were dental students and 3 ( 5%) were non dental students. There were no patients who showed a result of no anxiety levels (Fig.2). The graph for the mean dental anxiety scores of dental and non-dental students demonstrates a clear variation in the dental anxiety levels of the two groups. There is an increased average dental anxiety scores in non-dental students which urges the use of a statistical test to further analyze data. Accordingly the Mann- Whitney U test was undertaken. The p value obtained so forth was 0.003 which is less than the arbitrarily significant p value of 0.05, indicating a significant difference in DAS of the two groups. The (Fig.3) and (Fig.4) also, represent the percentage response in tabulated form. Discussion: The study was undertaken to examine the role of, awareness of dental procedures, on patient’s dental anxiety levels. The purpose of the study was to acquire an understanding of differences in the dental anxiety levels amongst patients with sufficient prior knowledge of dental procedures as in the case of dental students and those without. Realization of the existence of any such differences would help dentists design strategies that would eliminate dental anxiety as a barrier to effective treatment. Dentally anxious patients often pose great difficulties during treatment(2).Such patients also are often resistant to going for treatment and may require behavioral pharmacological and educational interventions to allow for improved treatment and oral health statuses(10).The study was undertaken using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. The use of MDAS allowed for validity and reliability in the data collected thus serving as strength of the study(8, 11). Standardization was also ob served, with collection of all data in clinical settings. A major limitation of the study was its sample size. The survey comprised of only 60 patients, 30 being non-dental patients, receiving formal education in fields other than dentistry aged between 18-24 years. The second group comprised of dental students in any year of their study undergoing dental treatments and aged 18-24 years. The sample being selected randomly and by convenience also poses questions to generalizability of any findings as it is not representative of a much larger general population. Dental anxiety is a vastly sought after topic with researchers attempting to understand its causative factors and its impact on oral health status of patients. An in-depth understanding of its causative factors would enable practice of newer and improved techniques with increased patient compliance and willingness to undergo the required treatments without making the task difficult. Inadequate knowledge of dental procedure has also been studied as a causative factor of dental anxiety. Abu Hantash et al. suggested that dental anxiety in non-dental students is due to previous traumatic dental experiences and fear of pain(12, 13).High levels of anxiety in non-dental students was also suggested due to lack of acquaintance with dental procedures(14, 15).On the other hand enhanced education and awareness has been positively correlated to dental anxiety(16). B. Peretz et al. (1994) showed in his study that anxiety in dental students is inversely related to the exposure of dental procedures and it tends to reduce from preclinical to clinical years(9, 15, 17). Imran Farooq et al. (2014) following this study, found it sensible to deduce that dental anxiety in students declines with gradual progress in education and clinical exposure(15).Dental anxiety has been understood to have immense impact on oral as well as general health of individuals(18).Those who succumb to dental anxiety are found to enter a vicious cycle of ill-being. wherein anxiety leads to avoidance seeking treatment, leading to increased severity of disease and hence worsened oral and general health status(19), as shown in Fig.5. Some other important considerations that were beyond the scope of this particular study was an investigation of any previous traumatic dental experiences, especially from the non-dental students as they would have led to increased fears. Also there has been no ranking of anxiety provoking stimulus for dental students who may have been equally anxious about pain, and in jection as is true of non-dental students. According to Todd and Walker(20), it was reported by 43% of people that they avoided going to the dentist lest they experienced increased troubles with their teeth. In another study by Curson and Coplans it was found that DA amongst both children and adult patients led to avoidance or irregularities in going for treatment, or visiting dentist in case of emergency only(6). The findings from our study prompt the need of devising ways to increase patient knowledge of procedures to decrease anxiety. This may include arranging of educational workshops on awareness about dental procedures. Conclusion: In conclusion there is existence of a difference in dental anxiety levels; among dental and non-dental students. With this difference it can be comprehended that dental anxiety owes itself to knowledge and awareness of dental procedures alongside other etiological factors. Know-how of dental procedures enhances patients’ ability to cope up with required treatment by eliminating barriers created due to anxiety. Hence increasing patient knowledge may serve to reduce apprehensions and enhance patient confidence on treatment procedure and its needs, consequently reducing anxiety. References: 1.http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/dentalanxiety. 2.Cooper CL WJ, Kelly M. Job satisfaction, mental health, and job stressors among general dental practitioners in the UK. British Dental Journal. 1987. 3.Armfield JM. What goes around comes around: revisiting the hypothesized vicious cycle of dental fear and avoidance. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. Jun;41(3):279-87. 4.Taani DQ. Dental attendance and anxiety among public and private school children in Jordan. Int Dent J. 2002 Feb;52(1):25-9. 5.Al-Omari WM, Al-Omiri MK. Dental anxiety among university students and its correlation with their field of study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009 May-Jun;17(3):199-203. 6.Curson I CM. The need for sedation in conservative dentistry. An investigation in the inner London area. 1970. 7.Appukuttan DP TA, Cholan PK, Subramanian S, Vinayagavel M. prevelance of dental anxiety among patient attending a dental educational institution in chennai, India. 2013. 8.Humphris GM, Morrison T, Lindsay SJ. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dent Health. 1995 Sep;12(3):143-50. 9.Peretz B, Zadik D. Dental anxiety of parents in an Israeli kibbutz population. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1994 Jun;4(2):87-92. 10.Marya CM, Grover S, Jnaneshwar A, Pruthi N. Dental anxiety among patients visiting a dental institute in Faridabad, India. West Indian Med J. Mar;61(2):187-90. 11.Corah NL. Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Dent Res. 1969 Jul-Aug;48(4):596. 12.Abu Hantash AY, Al Aker Dental Anxiety and Fear among medical field students at Al Quds University 13.Mohammed RB, Lalithamma T, Varma DM, Sudhakar KN, Srinivas B, Krishnamraju PV, et al. Prevalence of dental anxiety and its relation to age and gender in coastal Andhra (Visakhapatnam) population, India. J Nat Sci Biol Med. Jul;5(2):409-14. 14.Serra-Negra J, Paiva SM, Oliveira M, Ferreira E, Freire-Maia F, Pordeus I. Self-reported dental fear among dental students and their patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jan;9(1):44-54. 15.Imran Farooq SA. A cross sectional study of gender differences in dental anxiety prevailing in the students of a Pakistani dental college. 2014. 16.Kirova DG, Atanasov DT, Lalabonova CK, Janevska S. Dental anxiety in adults in Bulgaria. Folia Med (Plovdiv). Apr-Jun;52(2):49-56. 17.Peretz B, Mann J. Dental anxiety among Israeli dental students: a 4-year longitudinal study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2000 Aug;4(3):133-7. 18.McGrath C, Bedi R. The association between dental anxiety and oral health-related quality of life in Britain. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004 Feb;32(1):67-72. 19.Attaullah AAK. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN. 20.Todd JE WA. Adult Dental Health in England and Wales. 1980

Rock and elaborate spectacle

â€Å"Editors of Rolling Stone later summarized, ‘Rock ‘n' roll has always been a frank and sometimes vulgar music, with plenty of things for its critics not to like.' † (Fore 1999:96). There is no doubt about it. Rock and elaborate spectacle were meant to be together; Like chocolate and red roses on Valentine's Day†¦ only more dysfunctional (where the roses are tattoos and the chocolate gets to be licked off someone). From Elvis' swiveling hips to Jimi Hendrix making love to and then â€Å"sacrificing† his guitar (to whatever) by setting it on fire and smashing the hell out of it to KISS and their incredible costumes and make-up to Prince and his ass-cheeks-cut-out pants to etc. All part of the random theatrics enthralled fans expect from the rock show. The more attention you can get, the better your chances of becoming a rock star. Welcome to the world of glam rock. â€Å"We just get out there and rock. If your amp blows or your guitar packs it in, smash it up and pick up another one. And that's how it always was with us. We can't even stop and tune up. Those kids are all wound up. A second or two is too much for them. They've gotta have it.† -AC/DC guitarist Angus Young (Friedlander 1996:232) The simplest, most recognizable used form of rock spectacle is, of course, the destruction of thousands of dollars worth of instruments and sound equipment for the pure sake of breaking or blowing â€Å"shit up† (although in some instances, as in the case of Jimi Hendrix, it is a sign of respect). No one is really sure who first started this phenomenon (actually no one can agree) but rock fans have seen this act about a million times over, still remaining shocked and amused by the simplicity and perverse beauty of it. In fact, many people believe that you have not truly earned the title â€Å"Rock Star† until you have broken some piece of equipment in front of a live audience elevating the act to not only a way to satisfy the spectators' craving for damage but also to initiate yourself into a select few. And why not bang the hell out of a five thousand dollar guitar or nail all the furniture in your hotel room to the ceiling? You can afford it! Furthermore, as a rock star you are expected to be wild and do the things the average fan could only dream of doing. However, breaking guitars was only the beginning of rock's more aggressive attempts to shock the audience. While the act is still pretty cool to witness, by the 70's, rockers were ready to shock the hell out of you instead of just make you jump. Which leads us into make-up, hair, costume and the adoption of an outer-worldly persona. â€Å"Absent were the flower children and euphoria of psychoactive enlightenment, replaced by personal narratives of heroin addiction, ghetto drug connections, and sexual perversity. These shocking explorations of self-destructive behavior tested society's cultural sensibilities; they also didn't have much of an impact on the rock/pop mainstream.† (Friedlander 1996:250) The first band to come to mind when 70's rock, make-up, and costumes collaborate are the Knight's In Satan's Service, or more commonly known by their abbreviation: KISS. KISS, like many glam rockers, performed to huge stadium audiences. They had to be larger than life to get the attention of all the people in the middle and back rows as well as the front. Furthermore, their personas were highly marketable (From t-shirts to comic books to action figures, etc.). Despite their name and appearance though, their songs such as â€Å"Rock an' Roll All Night†, â€Å"Detroit Rock City†, â€Å"Calling Dr. Love†, were tame compared to the likes of Iggy Pop or David Bowie. â€Å"David Bowie's The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust (1972) carries advice on the back cover: TO BE PLAYED AT MAXIMUM VOLUME.† (Gracyk 1996:100). The epitome of androgyny, Ziggy Stardust was Bowie's first persona, an intergalactic rock star, with orange hair, make-up, and futuristic costumes, trying to save the world but doomed to fail (Campbell 1999:196). As with all his personas, the music on the album served to complete his mysterious character. Fans could probably guess that Gene, Paul, Ace, Peter, Eric, and Vinnie of KISS did not walk around all day in their outfits but Bowie could play his part so well that it was hard to tell whether or not he was only trying to be the most outrageous or if he was like that in the real world too. † ‘As we approach the ‘8o's, the country is literally laughing, dancing, jogging and dressing up again. We have entered The Glitter Era.' † -John Davidson (Calder 1992:274) Androgyny became a trend in 70's rock that held over into 80's rock. It was the ultimate way to shock your audience and make a statement. In the 70's there was of course, Bowie, Marc Bolan, Freddy Mercury, and the immensely popular Rocky Horror Picture Show featuring everyone's favorite transvestite from the planet Transexual in the galaxy of Transylvania, Dr. Frank N. Furter. The 80's brought in Prince, Boy George, Grace Jones, and sometimes Madonna. All challenging society's set gender roles. Why androgyny though? Many say that rock music itself, while still predominantly performed by males, is an androgynous form of music because it combines all other forms of music considered â€Å"male† or â€Å"female†. Others maintain that the trend was in response to the sexual revolution. Though these rock shockers succeed in getting the attention they so adamantly strive for, the most successful rock stars had always been presented as â€Å"real people.† The illusion that we could know the real Elvis, McCartney, or even the real Monkees was fostered by such superficial means as fan magazine interviews or facts on the back of bubble-gum cards, but it was also implicit in Elvis's insistence on his own style of recording the songs of others, and explicit in those performers who wrote their own songs. (Shumway 1992:131) Still, the diversity and color that glam rockers add to the spectrum is not something to discourage. Many fans strive on the fact that their heroes are super heroes, gods and goddesses with fantastical powers who they can fantasize about being. Who wants to be a â€Å"real† person all the time anyway? We get to be that everyday.

Up in Arms About Samples of Research Essay Proposals?

Up in Arms About Samples of Research Essay Proposals? Literature review is a significant portion of the research proposal. Plan of action here, your task is to explain how you intend to attain the proposal. Logical research and documentation are necessary to supply a thriving research proposal. The Samples of Research Essay Proposals Game You simply supply the in the. Actually all absolutely free research proposals available on the internet are 100% plagiarized! The next section should discuss the strategy to reach the outcome. In the last steps, predict the outcomes of your research. The Samples of Research Essay Proposals Stories There are several varieties of essays, it isn't hard to shed an eye on all your writing assignments. The moment the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay in line with the requirements you have specified in your purchase. If do not have any idea what a grantsmanship proposal paper is, or will need to increase your writing abil ities, then you're in the right location. If you've got few proposal essay tips for your academic assignment, make sure that you've ironed out all of the unnecessary elements and only the effective ones. The Basic Facts of Samples of Research Essay Proposals The objective of the project research proposal is to showcase the and justify the should conduct a project research and the practical ways the project research should be put into place. Developing a high quality proposal is critical for the researcher much like the aid of the proposal he is equipped to assess the magnitude and value of the upcoming research. You may use research proposals to demonstrate the expense of the project that you're undertaking and to demonstrate the soundness of what you intend to do. Research proposal not only communicates what you're attempting to accomplish but it may also be utilized as a tool for obtaining financial aid. A proposal sample can be very useful for students who do not know abou t the tenets of a research paper. There are various points to contemplate in order to reach a great research paper by means of either a grid paper template or a lined paper template, based on your preference or the research requirement. Utilizing template makes the job simpler. 267 cover letter templates you'll be able to download and print at no cost. When you own a research proposal it means you conduct a fantastic research and you've got the competence and knowledge to do it. You also ought to discuss the value of the research. Fourth, you should show the way your research will fit into the full subject. The goal of literature review is to permit the readers know that you've got sufficient understanding of the topic. When you're looking for an undergraduate research proposal sample, there are things you must watch out for. Once a while all of us have to handle the necessity to visit several companies and pick the most optimal solution for different sorts of insurance. When you want to start up some type of research, you have to know you will have support behind you when you attempt all that you're going to attempt. To begin with, you should be precise and carry out a very clear vision of what you're likely to describe (provide a crystal clear notion, time, place and so forth). What Samples of Research Essay Proposals Is - and What it Is Not Often you need to summarize a whole lot of research into a really brief paragraph. If you're presenting the proposal in order to find funding from the human body, then the undergraduate research proposal sample must come with your plan on how best to devote the money. In truth, it is highly encouraged by many professors at the first stages of investigating to use index cards. Utilizing proposal examples is a superb means to learn from somebody else's experience and produce an outstanding powerful proposal. There are lots of financial benefits directly connected to the manufacturing and sale of tobacco in many sections of the planet. You must explain the advantages of your methods and research, together with potential limitations. Smoking Ban in Public Places Tobacco for a stimulant may be used in various methods but the most typical way it's used is smoking it in the shape of cigarettes. The very first and the most significant truth is that e-cigarettes, although they are not as harmful than the standard tobacco cigarettes still can harm health. What to Expect From Samples of Research Essay Proposals? Researching and deciding upon an intriguing topic is the most important point of writing an essay. Also, you'll find college essay ideas on our website! There are lots of points that have to be taken into account when choosing appropriate proposal essay topic. Our samples will acquire the maximum grade for you in the event you submit it to your lecturer. A person who has never written a sample research title proposal can encounter lots of difficulties while writing such s ort of a paper for the very first time. Besides samples, there are lots of tools that may support you on writing your proposal essay. Outlining the sections right at the start of writing research paper can help you to keep up an appropriate structure for the whole write up. Using Samples of Research Essay Proposals If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be happy to help you. Essentially, it's a synopsis of the paper. If you're searching where to purchase research paper proposals online, you are likely to locate our site. A thorough outline is essential for writing a fantastic research paper. How to Get Started with Samples of Research Essay Proposals? It is clear that students who need to compose a fantastic research proposal will have difficulties with the organization of the paper. If the essence of the predicament is understood, it's going to be possible to spell out its backbone and to find all the required source s for the research. You need to always stay focused on the issue, avoiding too many details on minor difficulties. As luck would have it, this article talks about proposals and the various kinds.

Lorraine Hansberry s Life As A Whole - 1461 Words

â€Å"I was born black and female.† These two words black and female identified Lorraine Hansberry’s life as a whole. Hansberry was born on May 19, 1930 in Chicago. She was the third youngest out of seven siblings. Her parents contributed a large amount of money to NAACP and the Urban League, because of this Hansberry was never comfortable with her rich girl status, so instead she identified herself as â€Å"poor†. She was admired by the children who were so often independent and matured which she imitated. Later on in Hansberry early life, 1938, the Hansberry moved into a white neighborhood where they were not welcomed and got attacked daily. Shortly after they moved in, Hansberry was nearly killed by a brick that was thrown by some angry†¦show more content†¦After her death, Nemiroff, her husband, still continued to collect and write her interviews in To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which set off Broadway reviews and ran for eight months straight. One of Hansberry’s major works that was considered on Broadway was A Raisin in the Sun. Hansberry received an award for this play in 1959, a couple years before her death. She received the New York Critics Circle Award, which is considered to be one her best. Lorraine Hansberry was the first African American Author to be honored to produce her intelligent works that recognized her past growing up on Broadway. With such traumatic memories of Hansberry’s childhood, she incorporated into her first play the theme of a courageous decision by a black family to move into a hostage new environment setting, this theme was Racial Discrimination. Lorraine Hansberry s most popular play, A Raisin in the Sun, deals with the crucial reaction of racism on the life of the Younger’s. The Youngers are a poor black family that lives on the South Side of Chicago. As the play performs, the Younger family suffers from racial discrimination in the housing industry and their lack of unemplo yment. The Youngers took on a risk as the racist policies take the form of buying a house in a white neighborhood. The importance of the play is to unravel. Foremost, it was the first play by a talented African American woman to be presented on Broadway, and secondly, it foreshadows many issues